weave produce - immunoglobulins (Ig) class A, M, G, E , the components of the complement system. Sometimes immunological define "abnormal antibodies - antinuclear factor, rheumatoid factor, antibodies to phospholipids, and others.

immune system cells.

Leukocytes . Their purpose - to identify foreign substances and microorganisms, and deal with them, and store information about them - for the future.

There are kinds of white blood cells ...

1. lymphocytes (T cells: T helper cells, T suppressor, B lymphocytes, null lymphocytes)
2. natural killer (NK)
3. neutrophils (stab and segmented)
4. eosinophils
5. basophilic leukocytes

Macrophages (phagocytes) "eat" the living and dead microbial antigen antibody (produced in the process of combating viasses, bacteria and their toxins), dead cells of the organism. Macrophage activity is impossible without lymphocytes: they are "helping" the last to recognize antigens, secrete neurotransmitters (substances stimulating or depressing the activity of other immune system cells). Precursors of macrophages, monocytes , the largest cells circulating in the blood.

Lymphocytes.

B-lymphocytes - type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies (immunoglobulins). They got their name from the Latin word "bursa" - handbag, handbags under the name of Fabricius - body, which differentiate (mature) B lymphocytes in birds. In humans this process occurs in the bone marrow.
T lymphocytes - type of lymphocyte that control the B-lymphocytes (ie, antibody production). They got the name from the word "the thymus - the organ in which mature.
T helper - a kind of T-lymphocytes that contribute to (help) the synthesis of antibodies (to help - Eng. - "help").
T-suppressor - a kind of T-lymphocytes, preventing (inhibiting) the synthesis of antibodies (to supress - Eng. - "to suppress, suppress, restrain, prohibit").
Natural Killer - limfotsitopodobnye cells devoid of signs of T- and B-lymphocytes are capable of destroying tumor cells and cells infected with viasses

"Often in the immunological cells can see a CD, a number. What is this cell?"

few words about CD

Clusters of differentiation (CD) - it's antigens, located on the cell surface, the peculiar markers (tags), in which some cells are different from others. So, what tags are on the cell surface depends on its form (the T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, etc.) and its maturity (the ability to perform its functions).
Tags are numbered in the queue according to when they were discovered: the earlier was open cluster, the less he has room.
Clusters of differentiation in the laboratories detected with monoclonal antibodies.
Clone - a collection of cells that have emerged from a common cell. Cells are identical clones to 100%, that is, they resemble each other as identical twins. The same cells synthesize the same antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal . Most often they are used in the diagnosis and immunological studies.

most common clusters

• CD2 - a cluster of T-lymphocytes, NK-cell
• CD3 - cluster of T-lymphocytes
• CD4 - a cluster of T-helper cells and monocytes (the cells that are maturing, becoming macrophages)
• CD8 - T-suppressor
• CD16 - NK-cells (natural killer)
• CD72 - In-cell

Other leukocytes.

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils - a variety of leukocytes. Its name they got for their ability to perceive the different pigments. Eosinophils are seen in mainly acid dyes (eosin, congo red) and blood smears are pink-orange color; basophils - alkaline (hematoxylin, methylene blue), so the smears appear blue-violet; neutrophils - both are so colored gray purple, neutral color.

nuclei of mature neutrophils are segmented - have a waist (so called segmented), the nucleus of immature cells have the form of curved sticks, so they are called stab.

One of the names neutrophils - "microbivores" refers to their ability to englobe microorganisms, but in smaller amounts than do macrophages.

Eosinophils take part in the destasction of parasites (secrete special enzymes providing them the damaging effect), in allergic reactions (secrete substances that destroy histamine, prevents the enzymes from the granules of mast cells).

In allergic reactions in the blood are a lot of immunoglobulin E, he is "associated" with the membrane basophils , contributing to their degranulation (ie histamine release from cells). What does it lead, know all the allergies!

immunoglobulins.

1. IgM - this type of antibody appears before all contact with antigen (microbe), increased their titer (content) in the blood indicates an acute inflammatory process.
2. IgG - this class of antibodies appear after some time after exposure to the antigen. They are involved in the fight against microbes - are connected with the antigens on the surface of the bacterial cell. Then they are joined by other plasma proteins (called complement), and bacterial cells are lysed (broken its shell). In addition, IgG is involved in the occurrence of some allergic reactions.
3. IgA - prevent the penetration of viasses into the body through mucous membranes, though antibodies against bacteria of this class can not protect us, with their toxins, they are coping.
4. IgE - this class of antibodies interact with receptors located on mast cells and basophils. As a result, releasing histamine and other mediators of allergy. Develops its own allergic reaction.

Interesting ...
real case that happened in class on clinical immunology in medical school. Teacher asks: "What is the" si-di "(CD)?" Students are nothing but "CD" can not remember ... A CD - a cluster of differentiation!!!
Similar abbreviations: SLE and the CEC. SLE - a freely convertible currency, and systemic lupus erythematosus, and CEC - The Central Electoral Commission and circulating immune complexes.