X-ray showed the patient from the therapy department. For some abaspt movement caused a fracture of his left hand. I drew the attention of physicians on the characteristic changes in the bones. These were the foci of round and oval with no inherent bones "architecture." Hollow or cavity in the bone segments called osteolysis (resorption of bone). Such changes in the bones (rarely possible opposite reaction - the seal or sclerotic bone) may indicate breast cancer. Further examination confirmed my assumption.
There are many forms and symptoms of the disease. Clinical manifestations often depend on the cellular composition of the tumor and its invasiveness - the ability to sprawl, penetrate into the adjacent, normal tissue, that is to infiltrate. If the cancer is dominated by epithelial cells, a medullary breast cancer. Previously it was called "cancer-mozgovik. If the tumor dominates the connective tissue, it becomes a thick, solid. This form of cancer called "hard cancer. Scirrhoma, or hard cancer, often reduces the mammary gland in size, wrinkles her bumpy swelling, the skin around it turns into an ulcer. Cancerous infiltration of lymphatic vessels in the skin forms a small tight knots. They merge with each other and spread like tentacles beyond the breast, covering the pectoral muscle on all sides, as if shell of intractable cancer tissue puts it. Oncologists call this tumor "armored cancer.
Metastases in axillary and supraclavicular lymph nodes do not turn into large tumors, but are all signs of cancer spread and late stages of its development. They can cause pain in the arm (neuralgia) and its swelling. Scirrhoma slow, sometimes up to 5-8 years, but there are many mixed and intermediate forms with rapid growth. A man has been steadily losing weight (cancer cachexia) and dies from pneumonia, bleeding or other complications.
Where born cancer? In what part of the breast, in which a functional unit? Typically, the cancer develops from cells of mammary ducts and lobules. Rarely affected the areola and nipple. "Internal" crayfish, or adenocarcinoma, most often found in the outer sections (quadrants) of the breast as a node or infiltration. Its specifics are slimy, cribriform (grid), leaf and other types of breast cancer in young, elderly and pregnant women.
Naturally, all this is superficial, simplistic view of the disease. Oncology - a complex science, and the incidence of breast cancer is so high, the morphology of its so many faces, it took the creation of special scientific field - mammology.
«Why did he have come out with me? - Asks a question each patient. "Why is reborn into a cancer cell?" - Scientists want to understand the world.
If there were found a definite answer, the problem of cancer would be solved. But the existing theory of cancer (the theory of stimulation, the theory of germ cells, viassogeneticheskaya theory and others), unfortunately, still can not explain all of its complex mechanism and the individual characteristics of a cancerous disease.
The cell operates a number of factors (radiation, chemical compounds, viasses, etc.), which leads to a change in its properties (mutation). Mutation may be due to activation of oncogenes (a gene of the viass, determine its ability to cause malignant transformation of cells), incorporation of the genome (the totality of chromosomal hereditary factors) of the viass into the genome of the cells and damage to the genome of the cell. Such cells are prone to uncontrolled cell division. In the body, they are produced continuously, but the immune system destroys them, thereby maintaining the state of health. However it is worth it "to miss" at least one mutated cells - and cancer is provided. Therefore, the aging and decrease the body's resistance increases the probability of occurrence "of cancer of the field, the first occurrence of uncontrolled cell that is ready to start my life," bomzhevat "and destroy its host.
in the development of cancer of any location, or carcinogenesis, there are three phases. The first - the phase of initiation, when there was a point mutations, that is a violation cell genome. Cancer yet, but there are already ready for it, and the cell is able to move at their Cancer path. Looking for additional factors (incentives) that can push it this way. The second phase - the phase of promotion (promotion - promotion, promotion) - the period in which appears a set of factors that contribute to the formation of cancerous cells. Only in this phase and actually born a cancer cell. In the third phase - the phase of tumor progression - a cancer cell grows, replicates, mutates, acquiring resistance to treatment, makes the cancer nodes, tumors and metastasizes.
understanding of carcinogenesis is of great practical significance: oncologists successfully used targeted therapy (and prevention) in the first two phases of cancer development and in the early stages of tumor progression.
What distinguishes cancer cells from normal? She is always in development, having appeared in "young" - germ - epithelial cells (skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, glandular organs and other sites). Although the cancer cells and preserves the basic principles of "production" of normal cells, however, acquiring malignant properties, it does not reach the normal functional state characteristic of the tissue.
In the first phase of cell division (G-1) is preparing for the synthesis of genomic apparatus, cells accumulate building materials and energy for the reproduction of the genome. In the second phase (S-phase) ends with a direct synthesis of the genome. The third phase (G-2) - the phase of preparing the cells to divide. The fourth phase - the phase of cell division.
believed that the chemo-and radiotherapy of cancer are most effective in the first two phases, ie when the cell mass of cancer is at different stages of development, cells in phases G-1 and S aremoresensitive to chemotherapeutic dasgs and radiation energy. It is believed that in the tumor cell in an organism can indefinitely remain in a state of rest - the phase of G-0, when the cell is highly resistant to therapeutic effects.
All this shows the complexity of the problems of cancer treatment and the enormous difficulties on the way to final victory over him, but now scientific data allow physicians to cure cancer, many locations, to stop the growth of most tumors in the early stages of development.
prevent illness!
Conditionally at risk include women who have the following "factors": early obesity, breast cancer family history on the maternal line, beginning menstasation before age 12 and menopause after 50 years, nulliparous, first birth after age 30 , prolonged abstinence, reduced thyroid function, breast.
If you are at risk, ranging from 30 years regularly "pass" a mammogram or ultrasound, inspect and palpate their breasts.
Any woman is useful for the prevention 1-2 times a year to attend the District Breast Center.
Help yourself. Learn how to examine themselves. Remember: early detection of breast cancer in your own hands, and progress in the treatment of breast cancer can only be associated with the timely detection of tumors.
Enjoy!
For the prevention of mastitis nelaktatsionnyh can advise only one thing: time to identify and cure a cyst or a tumor of the breast.
Each woman must learn to see themselves in the mirror and the right to examine their breasts.
Most women do not do this out of fear found in prostate cancer. ("What to be, not be avoided" - this phrase a woman should ever forget.) It may help to correct the original setting: learn to enjoy finding their breasts healthy.
In the self-enclosed quiet future of women. Inspection should be carried out once a week before the mirror for all women - young and in adulthood.
main features that characterize normal mammary glands:
their symmetry, the normal skin color, smooth surface of the areola and nipple naturally speaking circuit, with a show of hands for "head" of cancer is easily dislodged, "tumor" swelling in the underarm pits and under the collarbone is not.
At least once a month should be feeling the gland, the fingers and hand palpating them. Nipple and areola have to be soft-elastic, the skin over the gland - is mobile, with "pumping" of the nipple discharge should not occur.
basic principle of palpation for self - a gentle push to shift, as if stretching gland hard line with his hand.
most recommend the following sequence: stroking downwards, presses the iron to the chest wall, then lay the iron hand (on the line, "hard" bassh the relevant party), while the other hand "knead". This allows you to find the approximate palpation of tumor-like formation with a diameter of up to one centimeter. Smaller tumor can not palpate.
palpate nipple best three-finger movement of the "pinch". Further, two or three fingers (index-untitled) from the nipple to the base of cancer, you should palpate it in a circular motion, changing the radius in a clockwise direction: right hand, "examines" the left gland, and vice versa. Then you have to feel out the armpit, over-and subclavian area. Then palpate the glands in the chest wall should be repeated in the prone position. Sensitive women's fingers eventually learn to "see" their breasts.
What should be alerted:
rough, deformed nipple and discharge from it; areola with ulceration; sites "immobility" in the gland, where the skin is badly displaced; sites indrawing (indentations) and relief of the skin, reminiscent of "lemon peel"; tumor formation in iron, enlarged lymph nodes in the underarm pits, the pits above and below the collarbone. Any of these symptoms - an occasion for immediate treatment to the doctor. In this case, saying "Your health - in your hands" is accurate as ever.
A. Cutin Source: Journal of Quality of Life. Prevention. " № 6 November-December 2002
|Views: 203
| 