by an ophthalmologist is continuously growing stream
Patients with this syndrome, and to solve this problem requires
collaborative efforts of physicians, physiologists and engineers. Visual
human system, as it turned out, ill-suited to examining
images on the screen. Over millions of years of evolution it
adapts itself to the perception of items only
in reflected light.
primates - the monkey and man - acquired
as a result of this evolution is very perfect color vision
and great distinction, for example, yellow banana or orange orange
against the backdrop of thick green trees. However, no banana or orange,
neither leaves off: they are visible in reflected sunlight.
Already appeared in ancient times writing in some way contrary to
human visual system, it is not designed for reading books
and viewing images. Yet this task was relatively
physiologic and not too far from the "banana".
Where are the big issues brought to humanity
emergence in the twentieth century, a cathode-ray tube: the image
on the glowing TV screens and displays is fundamentally different
the letters and drawings on paper. Even the modern TV screen
unnatural for our visual system, but it at least
A color image is considered entirely: the plot, the general plan, the dynamics of
events. Need to strain your eyes, that see, for example,
tie pin in the leading television news, usually do not
arises.
Another thing - the computer display. All
sense to work with him - to enter or read the text, draw or
learn the details of the drawing. And this, as it turned out - severe visual
work, and milk for the harm here does not help. In this regard, computer
games were closer to the work on the computer than watching TV,
because the distance to the screen when the game is small, and the details
Image is very important. No less dangerous and video game consoles
to TVs, as well as slot machines. Image of letters, digits
and drawings on the screen is made up not of continuous lines
both on paper and, like a mosaic, from points to the same luminous
and flickering (see "Science and Life" ¹ 5, 1998). Clear boundaries
these points are not, but because the signs and lines are much less contrast,
than in the book.
even less contrast makes them an external
lighting, without which, however, work on the computer is also harmful,
although for different reasons. The appearance of color monitors made
particularly important to the selection of combinations of colors and background images. AND
if the display is cheap, that is of poor quality, then "reading"
text or a drawing is in this case the extra-heavy visual
work. The user will inevitably deteriorating eyesight, there is
headache, fatigue, ghosting - in short,
there is the same "computer eye syndrome." Adults
however, after the cessation of work and a period of rest
all of these symptoms are usually disposed of without consequences.
According to ophthalmologists, even long
and hard work on the computer does not cause serious adult
eye diseases. The situation is different with children. Visual apparatus
child is imperfect, and continues to take shape, and because health
regulations strictly govern the allowable time of his work on the computer
- Depending on age. But because the tear the child from
Computer games are extremely difficult, and these norms are respected
rarely, as a result of his deteriorating eyesight. It must be noted
that the quality perception of a computer image, and therefore,
and visual fatigue from working with him in many respects depend on
number of external factors.
on the glass screen frequently formed
glare from light sources, light clothing, light walls
equipment and buildings. Such glare camouflage image on the screen
and may even make invisible its individual parts. And the fact that
operator has to look not only at the screen, but on the keyboard
computer, and sometimes at other places - for example, the text
or drawings on paper, and the fact that they all dealt in different ways,
creates a vision for the extra load. Remove glare and improve
image contrast can be contrasted with the protective
anti-glare filter, but not all of them have these properties
really. And so it is very important to check when buying a filter
have a passport with the results of testing of this particular sample.
Its coefficient of specular reflection must be less than 1%
and the transmission - 35-40% in low light, and 55-60%
high. Visual discomfort, however, reflected not only
when using the display on the cathode-ray tubes.
It can also occur in the case of
LCD and CRT displays as well as displays,
performed on any other physical principles. But only in the
Where the tase selected visual parameters of the device
and light climate of the workplace. Their combination in a large
largely determines the "ergonomic safety of computerization,
which is no less, and something evenmoreimportant than the electro-
or fire safety. Moreover, studies have shown that
some technical parameters displays do not guarantee
or comfort of man, nor any of its effectiveness.
value have only their best
and allowable combinations, which are included in the new State
standards in Russia. Developed under the direction of the test
Center "Elita", Moscow State Institute of Electronics
and Mathematics (Technical University), they include requirements
to the visual display settings and operating conditions with
them: the brightness unevenness of brightness, contrast, flicker
and judder, geometric and harmonic distortion,
ambient light, and so on - only 20 parameters.
New standards adopted in 1997
was enacted, and now, according to their requirements, should
checked all manufactured and imported into Russia, all sold
and mounted displays. Resolution of the Government of Russia
made this procedure called "certification displays
Ergonomic requirements for security, mandatory since 1
October 1998, and it may be, it at least in some measure to protect
us and our children from the muddy waves of low-quality displays, and
computers.
Today, Russian scientists are trying to
solve the problem of "matching" of the computer with the visual system
rights. The Institute of Biochemical Physics. Emanuel
Academy of Sciences have created, for example, to this end so-called computer
points.
fact that the emission spectra covering
phosphor screen is not quite correspond to the absorption spectra
visual pigments in the cones of retina, which, in fact,
and responsible for our color vision. It has been found
yet in 1802 the English physician and physiologist Thomas Jung
- Trihromaticheskoe, that is based on the excitation of three different
types of cone cells - sensory cells of retina (see "Science
and Life "¹ 10, 1997).
relatively recent hypothesis Young
was confirmed at the genetic level: the person turns out to be
There are three types of cone genes, each of which encodes
its spectral type of cones. "Unnatural" emission spectra
phosphors can to a large extent differ from those of perception
photoreceptors, and it is for alignment of these spectra are
computer glasses.
windows can be painted so that
They corrected emission spectra of phosphors to match
color perception of the human eye. The calculations required
spectral characteristics were held at the Institute of Biochemical
Physics. Emanuel Sciences physiologist, a candidate for biological
Sciences, PP Zak, and on their basis developed colored glasses
with three narrow bands of optical transmission in the main
colors of the spectasm. The lenses for these glasses with the required spectral
coatings manufactured optical manufacturing firm Lornet-M
and then the computer glasses were tested by an ophthalmologist
and optometrists.
group of design engineers, engaged in
computer graphics, at least four hours a day, enjoyed
these points during the month under the supervision of Professor Yu Z.
Rosenblum and his colleagues from the Moscow Institute of Eye Diseases
them. Helmholtz. And although the problem of "correlation" in general computer
Sunglasses do not solve, but still almost all of them workedmoreeffectively
and less tired. Complex of all the problems of ergonomic safety
Computerization will continue to exist for a long time: is hardly expedient
wait until the body of a man adapts not only to the "banana"
but also to "screen" image.
Meanwhile, in a number of computer
information processing takes up to 70% of the total working population.
Eventually it will be ours. Remains the possibility of a maximum
as "fit" the computer and display to the physiological requirements
eye and brain, and for this purpose in Russia under the aegis of the Russian
Academy of Sciences and led by Academician OM Nefedov developed
complex program "Computer and Vision" .
One of the most interesting problems
this program is to create a personalized user diskette "
which can be used to test the state of their own
view and obtain a number of very specific and personally relevant
to your recommendations. For example, find out what computer
Points you should order, how long do you personally can work
on the computer and when to take breaks, there was already a
you have a computer syndrome and whether you can cope with it themselves
or for you to go see a doctor.
And one of the programs on a floppy disk
can warn you of the need to break and even the turn off
computer unless you explicitly perenapryaglis and need a rest.
With this disk you can adjust the screen settings
- The color, brightness, contrast, etc. - in accordance with the requirements of
visual system of the person and thus ensure
safety and comfort working with computers.
This is especially important for children. Economic
same expediency simply obvious: Health remains the most
qualified and promising part of our population.
Academician MA Ostrovsky