Table 1
Low-temperaturephysiotherapy.
| Name of procedure | gas temperature | Average physiotherapy result erd/m2 |
| extreme cryotherapy | less than -160 C | 85 |
| Cryotherapy | of -160 to -130 C | 230 |
| low-temperature gas hypothermia | morethan -120 C | 40 |
illustrates the rationale of the classification procedures, schedule changes
value of physical therapy effect at different temperatures of gas
(See Figure 1). Depending on which of the three temperature ranges
Average physical therapy treatment result of the procedure varies somewhat
times. Qualitatively different processes in the integumentary tissues of the patient. When extreme
Cryotherapy is dominated by surface cooling. When cryotherapy cooling processes
surface and exposure of cover fabrics are developed simultaneously. At low
Gas hypothermia propagation of supercooling ahead of the cooling
the skin surface.
Recommendations on the choice of equipment for cryogenic physiotherapy
Fig. A plot of the value of physiotherapy effects achieved
per unit body surface (erd/m2) at different temperatures of gas
the treatment room.
on medical technology market, Russia presents 4 types of devices that
retailers and manufacturers refer to the equipment for cryotherapy. Two
system (sm.tabl.2) are intended for individual procedures, use
to cool the liquid nitrogen, developed and manufactured in Russia. Alternative
direction - Apparatus for the group of procedures are presented in Table. 3. Group
system equipped with compression coolers. Installation, supplied by
"Kriotek (Moscow), cryosauna" CRYO Space "is a product of
German firm "Medizintechnik Kirscheman + Sweizer". This cooler
Installation is a three-stage refrigeration machine.
Ukrainian company of "cold" offers, as its development
with the name "Cryosaunas, a copy of the medical setting of German firm
"Zimmer". Cooling procedural cabin "Cryosaunas" provides
throttle cooler on the gas mixture.
Table 2.
specifications produced in Russia, individual cryo-therapeutic
complexes.
| SPECIFICATIONS | Ed. Ism. | Name | |
| "KAEKT-01 KRION" | "KRIOMED-20/150-01" | ||
| Capacity | people | 1 | 1 |
| Volume procedural cabin | m3 | 0,48 | 1,00 |
| Multiplicity of procedures | 1/hr | 15 | 15 |
| Power Consumption | KW | 1 | 1,5 |
| cryoagent consumption, notmorethan | kg / min | 1,5 | 2 |
| duration of the procedure, nomorethan | min | 3 | 3 |
| temperature cryostating cabin | C | -140 | from 0 to-170 |
Technical data of Table 2 show that at a nominal temperature of both
individual complex are cryotherapeutic equipment. Tase,
some uncertainty in the temperature level of complex KRIOMED-20/150-01 "
allows us to assign it to any of the selected groups in Table 1, but in principle it
device provides a temperature of cryo-therapeutic range. Cab
Complex KRIOMED-20/150-01 "twice the volume. Subject
temperature level and volume of the cab in this complex higher consumption of liquid
nitrogen. A minor electrical power of individual cryo-therapeutic
complexes, due to the fact that the main source of cold in these devices
is liquid nitrogen. Using liquid cryoagent allows allocate powerful
heat flow with minimal energy. For example, use 1
kg of liquid nitrogen per minute creates a level of temperature of 140 K cooling capacity
4,3 kW.
Table 3.
specifications on the market for Russian plants
group of low-temperature physical therapy.
| SPECIFICATIONS | Ed. Ism. | Name | |
| "KRIOSPEYS" | "Cryosaunas" | ||
| Capacity | people | 5 | 5 |
| Volume procedural cabin | m3 | 8,4 | 7,1 |
| Multiplicity of procedures | 1/hr | 4 | 4 |
| Power Consumption | KW | 25 | 16 |
| cryoagent consumption, notmorethan | kg / min | 1,5 | 2 |
| duration of the procedure, nomorethan | min | 4 | 4 |
| temperature cryostating cabin | C | -120 | -110 |
the claimed level of temperature in the treatment room aids group
actions do not provide conditions for the cryogenic physiotherapy. The main reason
Over-temperature level is used in cooling systems
compression refrigeration cycles. Due to the low efficiency of the cooling system
in the field of cryogenic temperatures, in the treatment room autonomous cryo-therapeutic
complexes supported by the temperature not lower than 150 K (~ -120 ° C), so the group
system presented in Table 3 should be devices for low-temperature
Gas hypothermia.
seemingly insignificant differences in the level of temperature cryostating
internal volume of procedural cabin leads to the fact that stand-alone installation
do not provide the conditions to achieve substantial result of physiotherapy.
Given that the cost of autonomous vehicles with compression systems
cooling is not less than $ 100 thousand, hospitals should be
warned about their ineffectiveness.
gas temperature in the treatment room is a defining characteristic
cryotherapeutic complex, only if the cooling system
able to maintain a given temperature level at all stages of the complex.
Assess the ability of the cooling system kriostatirovat zone cryotherapy,
possible when comparing the heat release during the procedure and cold
cryostating system.
Cryogenic physiotherapy effects achieved through intensive
cooling the skin surface to a temperature of -2 to +2 C. For this purpose the surface
body should take about 600 kJ of heat for 2-3 minutes. On average, the surface
body in the amount of procedural cabin stands outmorethan 3 kW of heat to maintain
gas temperature at a given level requires the cooling system with sufficient
heat-removing ability. But, because of the low temperature level at which
should be given a warm (-150 to -130 C), energy efficiency
cooling equipment is extremely low. Fig. Figure 2 shows plots
exergic efficiency for the refrigeration cycle on the gas mixture and cascade refrigeration
machine. In the same plots exergic efficiency for the most effective
in the temperature range of cooling devices - a cryogenic gas machine.
For cooling cycles used in group installations efficiency so fast
decreases at temperatures less than -100 C, maintaining the temperature even
on the claimed in Table 3 level seems quite doubtful.
Assuming that the current cooling cyclesmoreefficiently than cycles
described in the following estimate energy requirements for the cooling system in
the case of the most effective application design.
From the graphs in Figure 2 shows that the cryogenic gas machine gas
machine can be used as an ideal cooler cryotherapeutic
complex. In all recommended for use in cryo-therapeutic settings
the temperature range of its exergy efficiency is satisfactory values
and far beyond the parameters of the refrigeration cycles.
cryotherapy
Fig. 2 Change exergic efficiency chillers while reducing cryostating
(KGM-cryogenic gas machine, fuel-cooling cycle on the gas mixture, CERM-
cascade refrigeration machine).
But, even when used in the cooling system of a cryogenic gas
machine specific cooling capacity - the ratio of allocated to the cost of heat
energy on the cooling system temperature range from -150 to -130 C
$ 15 - 25% (see Fig. 3).
holding cryotherapy, equipment
Fig. 3 Specific cooling capacity of cryogenic gas machines at low
temperatures.
order to deflect from the scope of procedural cabin 1 kW of heat
require cryogenic gas machine with the consumption of electric power
4 to 6 kW. To compensate for the secondary process of heat release from the surface
the body of one patient (3 kW) is required in unit with an installed electrical
capacity of at least 12 - 18 kW. In real devices, cryo-therapeutic use
cryogenic gas machine is impossible, so the result is only suitable
to indicate the minimum requirements in energy costs.
Based on the results, we can estimate the efficiency of cryo-therapeutic
complexes on the market of medical equipment in Russia, to illustrate
their consumer quality.
energiticheskie These characteristics cryotherapeutic
Complex
Given the significant differences in the mode of action, sizes and designs
objects being compared, to assess their efficiency is expedient to use
These characteristics - drive power cooling systems classified
unit volume of procedural cabin. Not only for items listed in the tables
2 and 3, but also for any other devices of similar purpose can easily be determined
the reduced capacity of the cooling system. Electricity costs are always given
in promotional materials. For equipment using power reduced
power is determined from the relationship:
img/s3/krio11
cooling systems consume liquid nitrogen, using energy
expended in the production of cryoagent. For comparison, devices with liquid
and compression coolers may be the notion of adequate electrical power.
Under adequate power means the power actuator ideal
cooler, which has a similar, liquid cooling, cooling capacity.
At a given temperature cryostating average consumption cryoagent allows
determine the cooling capacity of liquid refrigerant:
img/s3/krio12
the known thermophysical data of liquid nitrogen can be calculated
that the nitrogen cooling at a cost of 1 kg of nitrogen / min and a temperature in the cabin of -130