AM Korytova, V.N. Alexeev, N.V. Ilyin, Yu.N. Vinogradova
Review demonstrates an important role of various types of radiotherapy
(distant photon, electronic, brachytherapy) in the treatment of malignant,
benign tumor of the eye and also non-neoplastic diseases of the same
localization (orbital pseudotumor, endocrine ophthalmopathies, terminal aching
glaucoma).
With the increase of frequency of eye tumors in the last years, tactic and
methodic questions of radiotherapy of malignant tumors of different eye
stasctures according to their histologic belonging are widely covered .
1. Radiation and combined treatment of malignant tumors of the organ of vision
In recent years, been an increase in frequency of tumors of the organ of vision. By
data Brovkin AF [28], the total number of patients with tumors of the body
of each year seeking medical advice, is 110,120 persons per
1 million population.
1.1. Tumors of the adnexa eye
Currently, a number of locations of basal cell carcinoma successfully cured
neluchevymi methods, but in some locales, including the basal cell carcinoma
century, the best results are obtained using the beam therapy. When
superficial basal cell carcinoma age usually use korotkodistantsionnuyu
radiotherapy with protection of the eyeball. In summarizing the total focal doses
5060 Gy [42] reported good cosmetic effect in 96% of patients and acceptable in
4%. Local control over the tumor was achieved in 91.3% of patients with 60mesyachnom
observation.
There are some data on the effectiveness of external beam radiotherapy with
using high-energy electrons with a total dose of 55 Gy carcinomas
century. In this case, local tumor control was 97.5%, complications of 5,7% (2,3% of
side of the cornea, lens 2,0%, 1,4% other ocular complications) [84, 99].
For basal cell carcinoma age up to 19 mm and a thickness of 3 mm could be effective
bterapiya using strontium
ophthalmic applicators. The total surface dose range from 30 to 150 Gy
depending on the size and nature of the tumor [10, 14]. In this type of exposure
well-proven method of coarse-fractional brachytherapy
malignant epithelial, lymphoid and pigmented eyelid tumors [12].
As an independent method, radiation therapy is used in
radiosensitive tumors of conjunctival lymphoma. In order to prevent irreversible changes in the cornea
single dose does not exceed 1,52,5 Gy, total
in lymphomas of the conjunctiva of 20 Gy, and tumors of other histological stascture
to 4050 Gy [10]. Norregaard et al. [79] consider comparable results
treatment on survival and risk of relapse when using
surgical treatment of melanoma of the conjunctiva and radiation exposure.
According to contemporary literature, the use of postoperative external beam radiotherapy
shown in the case of conjunctival
education has a metastatic origin, in particular if it is
extraocular manifestation of uveal melanoma [74]. In Valskogo VV and
Grishina EE [13] presented a comparative analysis of different methods of radiation therapy
36 patients with malignant lymphoma of the conjunctiva: 10 patients received radiotherapy
korotkodistantsionnuyu with a single dose of 1.5 Gy and the total
focal doses of 1627 Gy, 35 patients b-applikatsionnuyu
therapy one-time doses of 2025 Gy and the total focal doses based on tumor
not less than 100 Gy. As a result of the treatment achieved complete regression
conjunctival tumors and in terms of observation of 6 months to 17 years
(average 30 months), tumor recurrence is not marked.
1.2. Tumors of the orbit
among all neoplasms of eye tumors of the orbit are 2527%.
Lymphoma among malignant tumors of the orbit ranges from 1 / 3 of cases to 55%
[7, 72]. There are miosarkomy (30,5%), angiosarcoma (25.4%), liposarkomy
(18,6%), neyrosarkomy (11,9%), fibrosarcoma (8.6%), undifferentiated sarcoma
( 5%) [7], primary melanoma of the orbit [95].
Secondary and metastatic tumors of the orbit often caused
germination process of the paranasal cavities of the nose, the frontal sinuses. Metastases in the orbit may be a manifestation of
tumors of various sites [29].
External beam therapy is used as a component of the combined
treatment of malignant tumors of the orbit in the form of preoperative irradiation,
although increasingly recognized by a combination of surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy
. According to Weinstein, ES et al. [10], after
orbitotomii with preservation of the eyeball in the postoperative period should
assign remote radiation therapy. Conducting megavoltage therapy
appropriate after exenteration of the orbit. With primary lymphoma of the orbit most
optimal combination treatment is radiotherapy a total dose of 3040 Gy to
megavolt sources with protection lens and adjuvant chemotherapy
[51]. The same opinion is shared by domestic ophthalmologists
[30]. Primary lymphoma of the orbit have a good prognosis: patients have a 10-year-old
survival of 100%, while patients in stage I, treated with radiotherapy alone 100%
survival in a 20-year follow-up (patients who received only surgical
treatment of 67% in chemotherapy 0%).
Combined chemoradiation therapy leads to remission for 30 months
patients with orbital Ewing's sarcoma [67]. Sparing surgery for orbital rhabdomyosarcoma
possible in a small number of children, so chemoradiotherapy
treatment is the primary [71] and has no advantage over independent
external beam radiation therapy [80].
therefore merit a new technique using the combination of
electron and photon beams [39]. The authors propose
electron irradiation at low energies from the front of the field in combination with photon irradiation through
lateral field, which allows, according to the authors, carefully pick
stascture of the dose distribution to the orbit.
Radiation therapy for metastatic lesions of the orbit, as the method of choice, often
allows you to avoid surgery [49]. It may be postoperative or
independent, in the latter case, radiation therapy, in essence, is
palliative nature [7, 66].
1.3. Intraocular tumors
in ophthalmology intraocular tumors by frequency in second place.
Primary tumors shells eye (melanoma and retinoblastoma) form 98%
cases and only 2% of the observed metastatic growth [10]. Tumor vascular
shell account formorethan 2 / 3 of all intraocular tumors [28]. Radiation therapy for retinoblastoma
is a component of comprehensive treatment,
including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and
photocoagulation. Nowadays, using radiotherapy, improved
forgiving lens technique, but even at low total focal doses
(2545 Gy) post radial complications forced ophthalmologists refer to
megavolt irradiation [55], as well as to the use of unconventional modes
fractionation [24].
On the first experiment bterapii retinoblastom
strontium applicators reported Zaasba GD et al. [16]. Dose to the "top" of the tumor,
in their opinion, should be 6080 Gy. Indicator for bterapii
retinoblastom authors considered tumor, provided the only node
thickness of 5 mm and a diameter of 14 mm. For tumors with large sizes Belkin BM and
et al. [3] used a remote gammaterapiyu by different methods, as well as irradiation of the tumor
electrons. Typically, radiation therapy always
is a stage of complex treatment. Total focal dose, depending on the stage of disease
ranged from 40 to 55 Gy. Retrospective analysis,
produced Signh et al. [91], showed a good effect remote
gammaterapii retinoblastom with total doses of 35 Gy in 5 fractions over 3 weeks
up to 50 Gy in 22 fractions over 4.5 weeks.
The results of treatment of patients with retinoblastoma who were in
Institute of Oncology and Hematology (Moscow) in 197,692 years., Submitted Ushakova TL
et al. [33]. The study involved 43 children. Stage T 34
diagnosed in 87.5%. In the first stage of treatment
a combined therapy using a linear electron accelerator of energy 13 MeV (single
dose of 2 Gy, the total focal dose 50 Gy) and first-line chemotherapy (vincristine,
cyclophosphamide, doksolem). The results of treatment in 40 children (52 eyes);
in 58% of cases avoided enucleation, including at the stage of T 34
52%. Visual activity was identified in 24 eyes, including the 21 eyes in the stage of T
3 . Visual activity is equal to zero is defined in three
cases, 16 from light perception to 0.03, one 0.2 and one 1.0. In 6% of cases
fluctuation in visual acuity was from 0,7 to 0,8. By the late complications of radiation therapy can be attributed
subatrophy orbital tissues in 3 cases, trophic
keratopathy in 2 cases and a single case of retinopathy. Radiation cataract
occurred in 53.8% of cases, but was predominantly subcapsular and
progressing [33]. According to other authors, radiation cataract occurs
20% of irradiated eyes at a mean of 28.5 months; radiation retinopathy in 12%
average of 37 months after irradiation [38].
use of chemotherapy as a phase of combined treatment retinoblastom,
first described in 1953, has become a practice treating patients with slightlymorethan 30 years
ago. Nowadays, the effectiveness of schemes with carboplatin proved to
same carboplatin has lower toxicity than other dasgs
[32]. Promising dasg in combination with etoposide in the treatment of retinoblastoma
noted in a number of overseas studies [60, 70]. To reduce
associated with treatment with carboplatin mutagenic risk of Murray et al. [78]
used intravitreal carboplatin in combination with remote
radiotherapy.
Kingston et al. [64] considered not effective enough so
organ type of treatment, like chemotherapy (carboplatin, etoposide,
vincristine) in combination with external beam radiotherapy (4044 Gy in 2022
equivalent fractions), due to the fact that although the majority of treated eyes
survived, as indicators of visual acuity were very low.
uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor
. bterapiya melanomas
vascular sheath shows a thickness of the tumor up to 3.5 mm and a diameter of less than 10 mm [75].
radiation dose of the most remote areas of the tumor from the applicator is
170 200 Gy, the average dose to the tumor under 360 g [81], the total focal dose
at the top should range from 90 to 280 g and an average of 220 g
on the upper surface of the tumor in most prominiasyuschem site [9]. In the 10 yr study
Augsburger, Goel [41] proved that the Application bterapiya
may be an alternative to enucleation in a clear majority of patients with posterior uveal melanoma
. However, the possibility of brachytherapy as an independent
treatment is limited by the size of the tumor. One of the possibilities to improve the effectiveness of brachytherapy
and expand the indications for it is a combination of
bterapii with other techniques: laser photocoagulation
tumors [40], microwave thermotherapy in the form of hyperthermia as an adjuvant
[ 54] with a temperature sensor, supplied to the sclera at the location
tumor. When this technique was achieved in 97.2% of patients local
control over the tumor for 45 months [53] and some increase in survival
[46].
to summarize the action of various damaging factors from the tumor
base of the tumor (ionizing radiation) and from the top of the laser heating
Linnik, LF et al. [23] proposed to use both
bobluchenie and laser thermotherapy.
External beam radiotherapy uveal metastases is usedmoreoften and
takes 34 weeks, but for patients with solitary metastatic uveal
contact bterapiya is an alternative method,
place to exposure of the patient for about 3 days [88, 89].
Thus, according to various sources, the use of applicative bterapii
with uveal melanoma 5letnyuyu gives the average survival rate of 80%, 10 yr
survival of 76% and 72% 15letnyuyu [44 ], 36% of irradiated eyes had a 3-year
visual acuity 0.5 or higher [45]. Postradiation complications after brachytherapy
occurmorefrequently during the first 6 months [93], the risk reduction of visual acuity
is greatest immediately after treatment and decreases over time
[65]. Proved that brachytherapy ismorefavorable effect on the duration
of life compared with enucleation [8]. However, for large choroidal melanomas
(diameter> 6 mm), when tumor recurrence after brachytherapy are defined in the 6065%
cases [86], we have to resort to enucleation of the eye.
why in the world of research continues to develop new methods
combined treatment of uveal melanomas. Thus, the use of preoperative radiotherapy
mode average fractionation of 4 Gy to a total focal
dose of 20 Gy of high-energy in terms of screened healthy tissue
eyeball helps to reduce tumor size, devitalization
tumor cells, Optimization of treatment and thus improve survival
patients, improving quality of life [5]. However, other authors believe that
preoperative irradiation has no effect on survival in uveal melanoma
[58].
Until recently, the need for radiotherapy after enucleation
concerning uveal melanomas remains somewhat controversial.
Weinstein ES et al. [11] performed postoperative korotkodistantsionnuyu
radiotherapy as a prophylactic treatment of anti-.
absorbed doses in the soft tissues of the orbit was 5060 Gy.
In recent decades, began to use the narrow proton beams [48]. In
Institute of Eye Diseases. Helmholtz used the exposure of 70 MeV (Bragg peak)
large fractions of 25 Gy per session (single dose), time set
dose was 23 min. The total dose was equal to 100,120 Gy [10]. However
patients with large tumors in 90% of changes occur in the form of an iris asbeoza
on average 4 years after proton beam therapy, which leads to
required enucleation for pain even with good local tumor
control [56]. For the treatment of large tumors prospectively the use of other methods
external beam radiotherapy (photons, electrons), and single
dose regardless of the method, apparently, must be> 3 Gy, as for
resistant melanoma cells aremoreeffectively than low-dose fractional
irradiation [69].
Metastatic choroidal tumors are relatively radioresistant,
nonetheless beam therapy is the most accepted method
treatment, total doses can range from 3040 Gy to 6070 Gy in conventional (2 Gy )
or average mode (3 Gy) fractionation. According Rudoler et al. [82],
postradiation cataract in the treatment of choroidal metastases occurred in only 12%
cases, radiation retinopathy in 2.6%. In 16.3% of patients after radiation therapy are
enucleation because of tumor recurrence [54]. Despite
success of combined treatment and improvement of methods of irradiation, the average
life expectancy of patients with melanoma or choroidal melanoma with metastases
stascture of the eye remains low, with dissemination of the tumor from 25
months [86] to 14 months [62].
2. Benign tumors
Among primary tumors of the orbit are benign vascular tumors
is almost 1 / 4 [7]. Radiation therapy for capillary hemangioma of the orbit
apply in cases of infiltrative forms. Single focal dose of 11,5
Gy, the total should not exceed 10 Gy in children and 20 Gy in adults [10].
The experience of the treatment of capillary hemangiomas eyelid skin interstitial
gammaterapiey (needles radiya226). However 3045letnie observations have shown a high incidence of cataracts
patients who received a dose of 18 Gy [96].
use of brachytherapy in the treatment of choroidal hemangiomas, for example,measures,
applique kobalta60 reduces the number of relapses, but fraught with postradiation
complications, such as pigment migration in the macular region,
subretinal fibrosis, atrophic scars [100].
moresparing technique, according to Schlinger, Dejardins [85], with a capillary hemangioma
is the fractional electron irradiation of low doses.
Zografos et al. [101] considered adequate for local control and to secondary changes in the retina
proton radiotherapy with a total focal dose
16,418,2 Gy in 4 daily fractions.
treatment of meningiomas of the optic nerve is not easy. Infiltrative growing tumor
does not guarantee total surgical removal.
additional radiation therapy was repeatedly discussed in the pages of
special editions, and today should recognize the appropriate conduct of its total dose
not less than 50 Gy to prevent recurrence with incomplete removal of the tumor [63].
Lee et al. [68] observed improvement in visual acuity, even after radiotherapy
about meningioma of the optic nerve with a progressive fall in its pre-treatment
radiotherapy.
3. Radiation and combined treatment of certain non-neoplastic diseases of eye
3.1. Pseudotumor of the orbits
Currently, the term "psevdotumor" is meant a narrow group
diseases of the orbit, with a common morphological characteristics
nonspecific chronic inflammation, but different pathogenesis [28].
Among the many classifications of the most common classification is
Brovkin AF [7, 28], by which psevdotumor orbit is divided into primary
idiopathic myositis, dakrioadenit, focal or diffuse vasculitis.
Given the moderate response to systemic corticosteroid therapy, high
recurrence rate (52%) and low cure rates in patients with psevdotumorom
[76], radiation therapy may be the method of choice for this pathology.
One-time dose of 1 Gy, total dose was adjusted to 34 Gy.
3.2. Endocrine ophthalmopathy
distinguish the following forms of endocrine ophthalmopathy:
thyrotoxic exophthalmos, edematous exophthalmos and endocrine myopathy.
first domestic report on radiotherapy in patients with edematous exophthalmos
belongs ML Krasnov and BI Svyadosch in 1960 [cit. by Brovkin
AF [7]]. Because of the high radiosensitivity of lymphoid elements in the background
medication edematous exophthalmos prescribe radiotherapy
orbital tissues in the anti-inflammatory doses: the entire course dose
an average of about 6 Gy fractionation of 0.8 Gy is applied to an orbit with a temporal
fields than the concentration achieved at doses ofmorecontent of the orbit, as well as
schaditsya skin eyelids and conjunctiva [7, 37].
remote gammaterapiyu and irradiation using a linear accelerator
electrons of 16 MeV have started to apply for endocrine ophthalmopathy in the early '70s
years [47, 50]. Occasional focal doses according to various published sources,
fluctuate in a range from 0,2 to 0,81,0 Gy at a depth of 4,04,5 see
total focal doses also have spread from 2,0 to 8,010,0 Gy. Takahashi and
et al. [94] reported good or moderate response in 60% of patients irradiated
retrobulbar fat one-time dose of 1 Gy to total doses of 20 Gy. Wilson,
Prochoda [97] observed in patients with thyroid orbitopatiey treated with external beam radiation therapy
high energies for 8 years and noted
improvement movement of the eyeballs, as well as reducing ghosting.
Given that the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy in patients with edematous exophthalmos
achieved mainly due to the high sensitivity of lymphoid
elements to ionizing radiation, an indicator for radiation therapy should
consider the stage of lymphoid infiltration of edematous exophthalmos.
3.3. Terminal sick glaucoma
problem of treating glaucoma in the world of ophthalmology is still leading.
Despite advances in the study of normal physiology of the intraocular pressure in glaucoma
medical treatment in connection with the emergence of new types of medicines
dasgs [1, 2], as well as constantly improving the types of surgical and laser interventions
[ 4, 15, 27, 31, 34], glaucoma is still
one of the major causes of irreversible blindness, and in our country has been a sharp increase in the role
glaucoma among the primary causes of disability, whose share has increased over
last decade from 12 to 20% [22].
By definition, Nesterov AP [25], the diagnosis of terminal glaucoma "
can be installed in the complete absence or presence of light perception with
incorrect projection of light while maintaining at least partial transparency
media eye. Typically, such patients before the advent of pain
treated conservatively, and since its development
medication is ineffective, then the only way is surgery.
According Gunalp et al . [61], glaucoma is a 3 position (after cancer and
tuberculous lesions) among the reasons that led to enucleation. And according to
Sigurdsson et al. [92], among the causes of enucleation produced in Ireland in
196492gg., Terminal glaucoma is sick in the first place.
currently in ophthalmology is the leading organ-
direction. In our country and abroad, the most common are two directions in
sparing surgical treatment of terminal glaucoma.
Firstly, it is different modifications fistuliziasyuschih operations [20, 27, 35, 43].
Secondly, the operation of thermal and laser [19] effects on the ciliary body
in order to lower secretion of aqueous humor.
Fistuliziasyuschie operations involve ophthalmosurgeons simple technique and
efficiency. Leading fistuliziasyuschey operation is
sinusotrabekuloektomiya to Cairns [43] and its various modifications. However, after
sinusotrabekuloektomii normalization of intraocular pressure is often achieved not only
outflow of aqueous humor through the severed ends of the scleral sinus, but
and by filtering it from the anterior chamber through the adjustment hole under the conjunctiva
that in the postoperative period may lead to the formation of cystic
pillows, which, according to AP Nesterov et al. [26], have the ability to
external filtering. This group includes
iridotsikloretraktsiya by Krasnov, MM and the operation of dilation supratsiliarnogo
space cyclodialysis by Nesterov AP, aimed at increasing the angle
anterior chamber and activating the uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor, as well as
operations sklerangulorekonstasktsii and deep sclerectomy [34], to
creation of the outflow of aqueous humor directly into the vascular system of the eye,
bypassing the drainage system. But those operations, or derivatives thereof have the same
disadvantages: the ability to overgrowing filtering zone due to the dense surface
fit scleral flap or the danger of outer
filtering.
The second group of operations to include diathermocoagulation Vogt
in various versions, as well as cryocautery. The mechanism of action of these operations reduces the need to
cause atrophy of the individual sections of the ciliary body or to
shut down its feeding vessels to reduce speed and volume of education
aqueous humor.
Influence laser ciliary body to the hypotensive effect
first proposed by Krasnov, MM [19]. Described a large number of laser
operations for glaucoma. In the case of terminal aching glaucoma operations such
also considered to be shown [98], the authors note the decrease in pain and
reduction of intraocular pressure up to 30% from baseline [73].
In summary, it should be noted that traditional methods
surgical treatment of patients with terminal glaucoma enable
keep an eye in 9097% of cases. These facts were the basis for finding such
methods of surgical treatment of patients with glaucoma, which could reduce the risk of
buried newly outflow tract of intraocular pressure and
would provide the combined hypotensive action by eliminating the retention
drain on several levels. These methods include new surgical
antihypertensive intervention deep sclerectomy with
angulodilatatsiey [21].
However, attempts have been made and non-surgical removal of pain
with terminal glaucoma.
"lytic cocktail" consisting of neyroplegika chlorpromazine, analgesic,
antihistamine, introduced intramuscularly, intravenously or orally,
have been widely used for relief of acute attacks of glaucoma [36, 59].
However, according to the literature [17], the lytic mixture of chlorpromazine, dimedrola and
promedola imposed by intramuscular injection, were ineffective in 30% of patients
terminal glaucoma. Encouraging results in relieving acute attacks
terminal glaucoma were obtained with injections postbulbar
chlorpromazine [18, 83], where a few hours after the injection began
decrease intraocular pressure, pain completely disappeared, and after
a few days lost, and corneal edema.
In the late '70s when the terminal aching glaucoma were used
radiation therapy in the form of radiotherapy to relieve pain. Various authors
recommended various methods and doses. In the 80 years at the Moscow Institute of Eye Diseases
. Helmholtz remote radiotherapy aching glaucoma
used with single doses of 0.5 Gy, 4.56 Gy summary. Irradiation of 23 times in
week. As a result of such treatment in some patients, the pain subsided,
significantly decreases or disappears corneal swelling and eye irritation.
Thus, according to the authors [10], radiotherapy can avoid
enucleation in most patients with end-aching glaucoma.
Conclusion
Modern radiation therapy is an important, often major, and sometimes
the only acceptable method in the combined therapy of malignant tumors,
benign tumors, as well as a wide range of non-neoplastic diseases
organ of vision. For different types of radiotherapy brachytherapy remote (photon,
e) in a number of clinical situations have already worked out the testimony and determined
place of ionizing radiation in combination therapy of eye diseases.
However, it remains unclear and poorly understood range of methodological and
tactical issues in radiation treatment of common tumors of the orbit with
according to their histological origin. In addition, the extraordinary interest
the attempts of radiation therapy in combined treatment
pseudotumor of the orbit, endocrine ophthalmopathy, and especially the terminal aching
glaucoma. In the latter case, the study has only begun. Expansion in the last decade
material-technical base of radiotherapy and its
teaching opportunities on the one hand, and sparing the direction in
therapy in ophthalmology with the other, suggest some progress in the coming years
treatment of terminally aching glaucoma. Survey data show,
that undoubtedly important role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant neoplasms
eyes complemented by increasing its value in the treatment of benign
of eye diseases.
Literature:
1. Alekseev VN, Egorov EA, Martynova, EB On the distribution of levels
intraocular pressure in the normal population / / Klin.
oftalmologiya.2001.T.2/2.s.3840.
2. Alekseev VN, Martynova, EB, V. Usachev / / All-Russian Congress of Ophthalmologists
, 7th: Abstracts. M.2000. V.1. s.9697.
3. Belkin BM, Durnov LA Goldobenko GV opportunities organosohrannogo
treatment of retinoblastoma in children. Vopr. onkologii.1992.T.38/9.s.10971103.
4. Immortal AM, Chervyakov AJ, Lobykina LV / / All-Russian Congress of Ophthalmologists
, 7th: Abstracts. M. 2000. T.1.s.105.
5. Balmuhanova AV Irradiation prior to surgery in malignant melanoma
vascular tract. / / Progress and prospects oftalmoonkologii (Collected scientific papers
nauchnopraktich. Conf.). M.2001.s.8688.
6. Brovkina AF Topical issues oftalmoonkologii. Vestnik
oftalmol.1997. № 1.s.57.
7. Brovkina AF Diseases of the orbit. / / M.Meditsina.1993.240s.
8. Brovkin AF Valsky VV, Zaasba, GD Metastases
liver in patients with uveal melanoma. Vestnik
офтальмологии.1998.T.114/1.стр.2123.
9. Brovkin AF Zaasba, GD, Fishkin JG The validity of using
brachytherapy for uveal melanoma yukstapapillyarnoy localization. Vestnik
ophthalmology. 1991. T. 107 / 6. s.4143.
10. Weinstein ES, Brovkin AF Burdyanskaya E., Zaasba, GD Tumor
protective apparatus of the eye, the eyeball and orbit. / / Clinical
рентгенорадиология.1985.т.5.с.134162.
11. Weinstein ES, Brovkin AF, Fridman FE et al Diagnosis and treatment of melanoma
eye and its appendages. / / method. rekomendatsii.M.1975.
12. Valsky VV Coarse-fractional
brachytherapy of malignant tumors of the conjunctiva. / / Progress and prospects oftalmoonkologii (Collected scientific papers
nauchnopraktich. Conf.). M.2001.s.98100.
13. Valsky VV, Grishina EE Comparison of results of remote
radiotherapy and brachytherapy lymphoproliferative diseases of the conjunctiva. / /
Achievements and Prospects oftalmoonkologii (Collected scientific papers nauchnopraktich.
Conf.). M.2001.s.100101.
14. Volkov Options for treatment policy in tumors outside of the eye.
/ / Journal of Ophthalmology. 1991. T. 107 / 4. p. 3439.
15. Egorov EA, Grandmother, AE Valve trabekulotomiya with autoskleralnym
implant in glaucoma surgery. Vestn. oftalmol.1988. № 1.s.79.
16. Zaasba G., Budkina GP, Brovkin AF Dmitrovskaya IP, Hvatova A.
B. / / Method of contact betaterapii neoplasms eyes. Proc. Reports II
Proc. nauchnotehnich. symposium. therapeutic development problems. padiats. technology. M.
1975. s.166168.
17. Indeykin EN An acute attack of primary glaucoma and its treatment. / / Abstract.
dis .... dra med. nauk.L.1971.35s.
18. Indeykina GV Postbulbar injection of chlorpromazine in relieving acute attacks
terminal glaucoma. / / Oftalmol. zhurnal.1987. № 2.s.122123.
19. Krasnov MM, Akopian VS, Ilyina, TS et al Laser treatment of primary glaucoma
. Vestn. oftalmol.1982. № 5.s.1822.
20. Krasnov MM, Kasparov AA, Musaev PI The results intraskleralnoy
kapsuloplastiki in the treatment of glaucoma. Vestn. oftalmol.1984. № 4.s.1213.
21. Levko MA Deep sclerectomy with angulodilatatsiey in the treatment of glaucoma.
/ / Author. Thesis .... Cand. med. nauk.SPeterburg. 2000. 23s.
22. Libman ES, Shakhov EV State of blindness and visual dynamics of blindness and visual disability due to
pathology of the vision in Russia / / Russian Congress of Ophthalmologists
, 7th: Abstracts dokladov.M.2000.s.209215.
23. Linnik LF, Magaramov DA, Semikova TS, AA Yarovoy Methods
combined treatment of melanoma choroidal brachytherapy and laser thermotherapy
. / / Progress and prospects oftalmoonkologii (Collected scientific papers
nauchnopraktich. Conf.). M.2001.s.122124.
24. Lobanov GV, GV Goldobenko Radiation therapy of bilateral retinoblastoma.
/ / Oftalmol. zhurnal.1998. № 1. p. 1517.
25. Nesterov AP Glaukoma.M.Meditsina.1995.255s.
26. Nesterov AP, Egorov EA, Batmanov JE, Kolesnikova LN Some
especially glaucoma surgery. Vestn. oftalmol. 1986. № 3.s.68.
27. AP Nesterov, LN Kolesnikova Fistuliziasyuschaya iridotsikloretraktsiya. / /
Vestn. oftalmol.1984. № 1.s.1012.
28. Oftalmoonkologiya: Rukovvo for Physicians, ed. AF Brovkin. M.
Medicine. 2002.424s.
29. Panteleyev OG Metastatic tumors of the orbit. / / Progress and Prospects
oftalmoonkologii (Collected scientific papers nauchnopraktich. Conf.). M.2001.s.7980.
30. Polyakova, SI, Terent'ev, LS, Vit VV The peculiarities of diagnostic and treatment clinic
lymphoma of the orbit. / / Oftalmol. magazine. 1997. № 3.s.173178.
31. Ryabtseva AA Combined glaucoma. Abstract of Thesis. dra med.
nauk.M.1996.
32. S. Sahakian Long-term results of treatment of children with retinoblastoma in
by neoadjuvant chemotherapy. / / Progress and prospects
oftalmoonkologii (Collected scientific papers nauchnopraktich. Conf.). M.2001.s.140143.
33. Ushakova, T., Belkin BM, Polyakov VG, ill-LA Approaches to the treatment of locally advanced
retinoblastoma in children. / / Progress and prospects
office?? Almoonkologii (Collected scientific papers nauchnopraktich. Conf.). M.2001.s.156158.
34. Fedorov SN, Ioffe DI, Ronkin TI Antiglaucomatous operations
deep sclerectomy. Vestn. oftalmol. 1982. № 4.s.610.
35. Fyodorov SN, Kozlov VI, Timoshkina NT and other non-penetrative deep
sclerectomy in open-angle glaucoma / Oftalmohiasrgiya.1989. № 3.s.5255.
36. Fradkin, MJ, Bunin AY, Cherniavsky G.Ya.Uch. app. MRI Ophthalmology
them. Gelmgoltsa.M.1961.vyp.6.s.259260.
37. Sheina AI Radiotherapy of endocrine ophthalmopathy / Achievements and Prospects
oftalmoonkologii (Collected scientific papers nauchnopraktich. Conf.). M.2001.s.189191.
38. Anteby I., Ramu N., Gradstein L. et al. Ocular and orbital complications
following the treatment of retinoblastoma. / / Eur. J.
Ophthalmol.1998.8/2.p.106111.
39. Arthur D.W., Zwicker R.D., Garmon P.W. et al. Electron photon matched
field technique for treatment of orbital disease. / / Ynt. J. Radiat. oncol.
biol. phys.1997.37/2.p.496474.
40. Ascaso F.J., Cascante J.M., Castillo J.M. et.al. Simultaneous bilateral
primary choroidal melanoma. / / Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 1996. 6 / 1. p.8789.
41. Augsburger J.J., Goel S.D. Visual function following enucleation or
episcretal plague radiotherapy for posterior uveal melanoma. / /
Arch.Ophthalmol.1994.112/6.p.786789.
42. Caccialanza M., Piccinno R., Gnecchi L. et.al. Radiotherapy of carcinomas
of the eyelids. / / Skin Cancer.1998.13/2.p.6772.
43. Cains J. Trabeculoectomy / / Amer. J. Ophthalmol. 1968. V.66. p. 673679.
44. Castro J.R., Char D.H., Petti P.L. et.al. 15 years experience with helium
ion radiotherapy for uveal melanoma. / / Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol.
Phys.1997.39/5.p.989996.
45. Char D.H., Kroll S.M., Quivey J.M., Castro J. Long termvisual outcome of
radiated uveal melanomas in eyes eligible for randomisation to enucleation
versus brachytherapy. / / Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1996. 80 / 2. p.117124.
46. Coleman D.J., Silverman R.H., Ursea R. et. al. Ultrasonically induced
hyperthermia for adjunctive treatment of intraocular malignant melanoma. / /
Retina.1997.p.109117.
47. Covington E.E., Lobes L. and Sudorsanam A. Radiathion therapy for
exophthalmos: report of seven cases. / / Radiology. 1977. 122. p.797799.
48. Daftari I.K., Char D.H., Verhey L.J. et.al. Anterior segment sparing to
reduce charged particle radiotherapy complications in uveal melanoma. / / Int. J.
Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1997. 39 / 5. p.9971010.
49. Debois J.M., Haustrate F.M. Breast cancer and the eye. / /
Oncologie.1996.19/5.p.385393.
50. Donaldson S.S., Bagshaw M.A., Kriss J.D. Supervoltage orbital
radiotherapy for Graves ophthalmopathy. / / J. Clin. Endocrinol.
Metab.1973.37.p.276285.
51. Esik O., Iheda H., Muhai K., Kaneko A. A retrospective analysis of
different modalities for treatment of primary orbital nonHodgkins lymphomas. / /
Radiother. Oncol.1996.38/1.p.1318 /
52. Fay A.M., Leib M.L., Fountain K.S. Multiple myeloma involving the orbit.
/ / Ophthalmic Plast. Keconstr. Surg.1998.14/1.p.6771.
53. Finger P.T., Mieler W.F. Microwave thermoradiotherapy for uveal melanoma:
Results of a 10year study. / / Ophthalmology. 1997. 104/11. p.17941803.
54. Finger P.T. Radiation therapy for choroidal melanoma. / / Surv.
Ophthalmol.1997.42/3.p.215232.
55. Fontanesi J., Pratt C.B., Hustu H.O., Coffey D. Use of irradiation for
therapy of retinoblastoma in childrenmorethan 1 year old: the st. Jude
childrens research hospital experience and review of literature. / / Medical and
Pediatric Oncology. 1995.24 (5). P.321326.
56. Foss A.J.E., Whelehan I., Hungerford J.L. et al. Predictive factors for
the development of asbeosis following proton beam radiotherapy for uveal
melanoma. / / Br. J. Ophtalmol.1997.81/9.p.748754.
57. Gallie B.L., Budning A., Re Boer G. et al. Chemotherapy with focal
therapy can cure intraocular retinoblastoma without radiotherapy. / / Arch.
Ophthalmol.1996.114/11.p.13211328.
58. Giinalp I., Batioglu F. Effect of PreEnucleation irradiation on the
survival of patients with uveal melanoma. / / Ophthalmologica. 1998.
212.p.231235.
59. GranbergDanielsen B. Die Behandlung des glaucoms mit Megaphen. / /
Ophthalmologica.1955.130.p.403405.
60. Greenwald M.J., Strauss L.C. Treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma with
carboplatin and etoposide chemotherapy. / / Ophthalmology.1996.103/12.p.19891997.
61. Gunalp I., Gunduz K., Ozkan M. Causes of enucleation: a
clinicopathological study. / / Eur.J.Ophthalmol.1997.7/3.p.223228.
62. Gunduz K., Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagles RCJr. Cutaneous melanoma
metastatic to the vitreous cavity. / / Ophthalmology.1998.105/4.p.600605.
63. Kennerdell J., Maroon J., Melton M., Warren F. The management of optic
nerve sheath meningioms / / Amer. J. Ophthal. 1988. Vol. 106/4.p.450457.
64. Kingston JE, Hungerford JL, Madreperla SA, Plowman PN Results of
combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced intraocular retinoblastoma. / /
Arch. Ophthalmol. 1996. 114/11. p.13391343.
65. Kreissing I., Rose D., Simader E. Longterm followup of iodina125
brachytherapy for choroidal melanomas. Part II: Functional results
(Germ). Jod125brachytherapie des malignen aderhaut melanoms. Teil II:
funktionelle langzeitergebnisse. / / Klin.Monatsbl. Augenheilkd.
1996.209/1.p.712.
66. Lagreze W.D.A., Wesendahl T.A., Kommerell G. Enophthalmos due to
metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (Germ). / / Klin. Monatsbl.
Augenheilkd.1997.211/1.p.6869.
67. Lam D.S., Li C.K., Cheng L.L. et al. Primary orbital Ewings sarcoma:
report of a case and review of the literature (see comments). / / Eye.13 (Pf
1) .1999. P.3842.
68. Lee A.G., Woo S.Y., Miller N.R. et al. Improvement in visual function in
an eye with a presumed optic nerve sheath meningioma after treatment with
trecdimensional conformal radiation therapy. / / J.
NeuroOphthalmol.1996.16/4.p.247251.
69. Logani S., Cho A.S., Ali B.H. et.al. Singledose compared with
fractionateddose radiation of the OM431 choroidal melanoma cell line. / /
An.J.Ophthalmol.1995.120/4.p.506510.
70. Madreperla S.A., Hungerford J.L., Doughty D. et al. Treatment of
retinoblastoma vitreous base seding. / / Ophthalmology. 1998. 105 / 1. p.120124.
71. Mannor G.E., Rose G.E., Plowman P.N. et al. Multidiaciplinary management
of refractory orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. / / Ophthalmology. 1997.104/7.p.11981201.
72. Margo C.E., Mulla Z.D. Malignant tumors of the orbit: Analysis of the
Florida cancer registry. / / Ophthalmology. 1998. 105 / 1. p.185190.
73. Martin K.R., Broadway D.C. Cyclodiode laser therapy for painful, blind
glaucomatous eyes. / / Br.J.Ophthalmol. 2001. 85 (4). p.474476.
74. Meyer A., DHermies F., Korobelnik J.F. et.al. Ring reccurens of ciliary
body melanoma after protonbeam therapy Recidive annulaire d "un melanoma ciliare
apres photontherapie. / / J.Fr.Ophtalmol. 1997. 20/9.p.697700.
75. Missoten L., Dirven W., Van der Schueren A. et al. Results of treatment
of choroidal malignant melanoma with highdoserate strontium90 brachytherapy. / /
Graefes Arch.Clin.Exp. Ophthalmol. 1998. 236/3.p.164173.
76. Mombaerts I., Schlingemann RO, Goldschmeding R., Koornnef L. Are
systemic corticosteroids useful in the management of orbital preudotumors? / /
Ophthalmology.1996.103/3.p.521528.
77. Murphree A.L., Villablanca J.G., Deegan III W.F. et al. Chemotherapy plus
local treatment in the management of intraocular retinoblastoma. / / Arch.
Ophthalmol.1996.114/11.p.13481356.
78. Murray T.G., Roth D.B., OBrien J.M. et al. Local carboplatin and
radiation therapy in the treatment of murine transgenic retinoblastoma. / / Arch.
Ophthalmol.1996.114/11.p.13851389.
79. Norregaard JC, Gerner N., Jensen OA, Prause JU Malignant melanoma
of the conjunctiva: Occurrence and survival following surgery and radiotherapy
in a Danish population. / / Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp.
Ophthalmol.1996.234/9.p.569572.
80. Notis CM, Abramson DH, Sagerman RH, Ellsworth RM Orbital
rhabdomyosarcoma: Treatment or overtreatment. / / Ophthalmic Genet.
1995.16/4.p.159162.
81. Quivey JV, Augsburger J., Snelling L., Brady LW 125I plaque therapy
for uveal melanoma: Analysis of the impact of time and dose factors on local
control. / / Cancer.1996.77/11.p.23562362.
82. Rudoler S.B., Shields C.L., Corn B.W. et.al. Functional vision is
improved in the majority of patients treated with externalbeam radiotherapy for
choroidal metastases: A multivariate analysis of 188 patients. / /
J.Clin.Oncol.1997.15/3.p.12441251.
83. Sanna M. Sullazione dellu clorpromazina (4560 RP) per via retrobulbaire
in oftalmologia. / / Ann di Oftalm.1957.83.p.545554.
84. Schlienger P., Basnin F., Desjardins L. et al. External radiotherapy for
carcinoma of the eyelid. / / Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1996.
34/2.p.277287.
85. Schlienger P., Desjardins L. External electron irradiation in two cases of
capillary hemangioma of the optic disk. / / Bulletin du Cancer.
Radiotherapie.1995.82/2.p.306310.
86. Seregard S., Lundell G., Lax I. et.al. Tumour cell proliferation after
failed asthenium plaque radiotherapy for posterior uveal melanoma. / / Asta
Ophthalmol.Scand.1997.75/2.p.148154.
87. Seregard S. Posterior uweal melanoma. The swedish perspective. / / Acta
Ophthalmol. Scand.1996.74/4.p.315329.
88. Shields C.L. Plaque radiotherapy for the management of uveal metastasis.
/ / Curr.Opin.Ophthalmol.1998.9/3.p.3137.
89. Shields C.L., De Potter P., Himelstein B.P. et al. Chemoreduction in the
initial management of intraocular retinoblastoma. / / Arch. Ophthalmol.
1996.114/11.p.13301338
90. Shields C.L., Shields J.A., Needle M. et al. Combined chemoreduction and
adjuvant treatment for intraocular retinoblastoma. / / Ophthalmology.
1997.104/12.p.21012111.
91. Signh A.D., GarwayHeath D., Love S., Plowman P.N. et al. Relationship of
regression pattern to recurrence in retinoblastoma. / / Br. J.
Ophthalmol.1993.V.77/1.p.1216.
92. Sigurdsson H., Thorisdottir S., Bjornsson J.K. Enucleation and
evisceration in Iceland 19641992. Study in a defined population. / / Acta
Ophthalmol Scand.1998.76/1.p.103107.
93. Summanen P., Immonen I., Kivela T. et.al. Radiation related complications
after asthenium plaque radiotherapy of uveal melanoma. / /
Br.J.Ophthalm.1996.80/8.p.732739.
94. Takahashi T., Mitsuhashi N., Nagashima H. et al. Clinical experience of
radiation therapy for Gravesophthalmopathy. / / Radiat. Med.med. Jmaging. Radiat.
Oncol.1996.14/6.p.343347.
95. Tellado M., Specht C.S., McLean I.W. et al. Primary orbital melanomas. / /
Ophthalmology.1996.103/6.p.929932.
96. Welde G., Sjosrand J. A clinical study of radiation cataract formation in
adult life following (irradiation of the lens in early childhood. / / Br. J.
Ophthalmol.1997.81/4.p.261266.
97. Wilson WB, Prochoda M. Radiotherapy for thyroid orbitopathy. Effects on
extraocular muscle bolance. / / Arch. Ophthalmol. 1995. 113/11. p.14201425.
98. Wong EY, Chew PT, Chee CK, Wong JS Diode laser contact
transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma in Asian patients. / /
Am.J.Ophthalmol.1997.124/6.p.797804.
99. Yen MT, Tse DT, Wu X., Wolfson AH Radiation therapy for local
control of of eyelid carcinoma: report of two cases and review of the
literature. / / Opthalmic Plastic and Reconstasctive Surgery. 2000.
16/3.p.211215.
100. Zografos L., Baercher L., Chamot L. et.al. Cobalt60 treatment of
choraidal hemangiomas. / / Am.J.Ophthalmol. 1996. 121 / 2. p.190199.
101. Zografos L., Egger E., Bercher L. et.al. Proton beam irradiation of
choroidal hemangiomas. / / Am.J.Ophthalmol. 1998. 126 / 2. p.261268.
Published with permission from Russian
Medical Journal.